GrammarParticiples
Participles
Participles in Russian (прича́стия) are verb forms that behave like adjectives. They describe a noun, but keep a connection to a verb (action).
For example:
- студе́нт чита́ет (a student is reading)
- чита́ющий студе́нт (a reading student) → describes the student
- прочи́танная кни́га (a read book) → describes what happened to the book
What participles do
Participles combine properties of verbs and adjectives:
- From verbs → they keep tense and aspect (present/past, imperfective/perfective)
- From adjectives → they agree with nouns in gender, number and case
Example:
- чита́ющий студе́нт (masculine)
- чита́ющая студе́нтка (feminine)
- чита́ющие студе́нты (plural)
Two main types
There are two main types of participles:
- Active participles → describe the subject doing the action
- Passive participles → describe the subject receiving the action
1. Active participles
Meaning: “the one who does something”
Present active participle
Formed from imperfective verbs and expresses an ongoing action.
- чита́ть → чита́ющий (reading)
- говори́ть → говоря́щий (speaking)
Examples:
- чита́ющий студе́нт (a student who is reading)
- говоря́щий челове́к (a speaking person)
Past active participle
Describes someone who did something in the past.
- чита́ть → чита́вший (who was reading / who read)
- сде́лать → сде́лавший (who did)
Examples:
- студе́нт, чита́вший кни́гу (a student who was reading a book)
- челове́к, сде́лавший э́то (a person who did this)
2. Passive participles
Meaning: “the one that something is done to”
Present passive participle
Formed from imperfective verbs, but relatively rare in everyday speech.
- чита́ть → чита́емый (being read)
Example:
- чита́емая кни́га (a book being read)
Note: Often replaced by other constructions in modern Russian.
Past passive participle
Very common. Describes something that has been done to the noun.
- прочита́ть → прочи́танный (read)
- сде́лать → сде́ланный (done)
- написа́ть → напи́санный (written)
Examples:
- прочи́танная кни́га (a book that has been read)
- напи́санное письмо́ (a written letter)
Formation of participles
Each of the four participles is built from a form of the verb you already know: the present tense, the past tense, or the infinitive. The overview:
| Participle | Built from | Suffix | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present active | они-form (imperfective) | -щий | чита́ют → чита́ющий |
| Past active | masculine past tense | -вший | чита́л → чита́вший |
| Present passive | мы-form (imperfective) | -ый | чита́ем → чита́емый |
| Past passive | infinitive (perfective) | -нный / -енный / -тый | прочита́ть → прочи́танный |
Present active: они-form + -щий
Take the they-form of an imperfective verb, drop the final -т and add -щий.
- чита́ть → чита́ют → чита́ющий (reading)
- говори́ть → говоря́т → говоря́щий (speaking)
- писа́ть → пи́шут → пи́шущий (writing)
- жить → живу́т → живу́щий (living)
Because you start from the actual они-form, any stem change in the present tense is automatically carried over (писа́ть → пи́шут → пи́шущий).
Past active: past tense + -вший
Take the masculine past tense, drop -л and add -вший. This works for both aspects.
- чита́ть → чита́л → чита́вший (who was reading)
- сде́лать → сде́лал → сде́лавший (who did)
- купи́ть → купи́л → купи́вший (who bought)
If the masculine past has no -л, simply add -ший to that form:
- нести́ → нёс → нёсший (who was carrying)
- принести́ → принёс → принёсший (who brought)
- идти́ → шёл → ше́дший (who was walking, irregular)
Present passive: мы-form + -ый
Take the we-form of an imperfective transitive verb and add -ый.
- чита́ть → чита́ем → чита́емый (being read)
- люби́ть → лю́бим → люби́мый (loved, favourite)
- ви́деть → ви́дим → ви́димый (visible)
As лю́бим → люби́мый shows, the stress can move when the suffix is added, so it is worth learning the participle together with its stress.
So first-conjugation verbs end in -емый and second-conjugation verbs in -имый. Many verbs simply have no present passive participle, and the form is bookish — this is the rarest of the four.
Past passive: infinitive + -нный / -енный / -тый
Formed from perfective transitive verbs. Which of the three suffixes you use depends on the infinitive:
- -нный — verbs in -ать / -ять: drop -ть, add -нный
- прочита́ть → прочи́танный (read)
- написа́ть → напи́санный (written)
- потеря́ть → поте́рянный (lost)
- -енный / -ённый — verbs in -ить and most consonant stems
- постро́ить → постро́енный (built)
- реши́ть → решённый (solved)
- принести́ → принесённый (brought)
- -тый — a smaller group, e.g. verbs in -ыть, -ить (monosyllabic), -нуть, -ереть
- откры́ть → откры́тый (opened)
- забы́ть → забы́тый (forgotten)
- заня́ть → за́нятый (occupied, busy)
Note that the suffix -ённый always carries the stress (решённый, принесённый), while -енный does not.
With -ить verbs, the same consonant mutation appears as in the я-form of the present/future tense:
- купи́ть → куплю́ → ку́пленный (bought)
- встре́тить → встре́чу → встре́ченный (met)
- пригласи́ть → приглашу́ → приглашённый (invited)
Short forms of past passive participles
The short form drops the long adjective ending, and the double -нн- becomes a single -н-:
- прочи́танный → прочи́тан, прочи́тана, прочи́тано, прочи́таны
- решённый → решён, решена́, решено́, решены́
- откры́тый → откры́т, откры́та, откры́то, откры́ты
With -ённый participles the stress moves onto the ending in the short forms: решён, решена́, решено́, решены́.
Reflexive verbs
Verbs in -ся keep -ся in the participle — always -ся, never -сь, even after a vowel:
- учи́ться → у́чатся → уча́щийся (studying, a student)
- верну́ться → верну́лся → верну́вшийся (who returned)
Reflexive verbs have no passive participles.
Which verbs form which participle
- Imperfective verbs → present active, past active, (present passive)
- Perfective verbs → past active, past passive
- Only transitive verbs (verbs that take a direct object) form passive participles
So чита́ть gives чита́ющий, чита́вший, чита́емый, while прочита́ть gives прочита́вший, прочи́танный. There is no such thing as a “future participle” in Russian.
Agreement (important)
Participles behave like adjectives, so they agree with the noun in:
- Gender
- Number
- Case
Examples:
- прочи́танный текст (masculine)
- прочи́танная кни́га (feminine)
- прочи́танное письмо́ (neuter)
- прочи́танные кни́ги (plural)
Short forms (important)
Many past passive participles have a short form, which is used in predicate position (like “is done”).
- Кни́га прочи́тана. (The book is read.)
- Письмо́ напи́сано. (The letter is written.)
These short forms are very common in Russian.
Participles vs relative clauses
Participles often replace relative clauses (“who/which ...”):
- студе́нт, кото́рый чита́ет кни́гу
- чита́ющий студе́нт
Both mean:
- (the student who is reading a book)
However:
- Participles are more compact
- Relative clauses are more common in everyday speech
Stylistic note
- Participles are common in written language and formal speech
- In everyday spoken Russian, people often prefer:
- relative clauses (кото́рый)
- simpler constructions
Summary
- Participles are verb forms that act like adjectives.
- Active → the subject does the action (чита́ющий).
- Passive → the subject receives the action (прочи́танный).
- Formation: они-form + -щий, past tense + -вший, мы-form + -ый, infinitive + -нный / -енный / -тый.
- They agree like adjectives (gender, number, case).
- Past passive participles are the most common and important.
- Short forms are used in sentences like Кни́га прочи́тана.
This grammar


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Which participle agrees with "окно"?



















