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GrammarParticiples

Participles

Participles in Russian (прича́стия) are verb forms that behave like adjectives. They describe a noun, but keep a connection to a verb (action).

For example:

  • студе́нт чита́ет (a student is reading)
  • чита́ющий студе́нт (a reading student) → describes the student
  • прочи́танная кни́га (a read book) → describes what happened to the book

What participles do

Participles combine properties of verbs and adjectives:

  • From verbs → they keep tense and aspect (present/past, imperfective/perfective)
  • From adjectives → they agree with nouns in gender, number and case

Example:

  • чита́ющий студе́нт (masculine)
  • чита́ющая студе́нтка (feminine)
  • чита́ющие студе́нты (plural)

Two main types

There are two main types of participles:

  • Active participles → describe the subject doing the action
  • Passive participles → describe the subject receiving the action

1. Active participles

Meaning: “the one who does something”

Present active participle

Formed from imperfective verbs and expresses an ongoing action.

  • чита́тьчита́ющий (reading)
  • говори́тьговоря́щий (speaking)

Examples:

  • чита́ющий студе́нт (a student who is reading)
  • говоря́щий челове́к (a speaking person)

Past active participle

Describes someone who did something in the past.

  • чита́тьчита́вший (who was reading / who read)
  • сде́латьсде́лавший (who did)

Examples:

  • студе́нт, чита́вший кни́гу (a student who was reading a book)
  • челове́к, сде́лавший э́то (a person who did this)

2. Passive participles

Meaning: “the one that something is done to”

Present passive participle

Formed from imperfective verbs, but relatively rare in everyday speech.

  • чита́тьчита́емый (being read)

Example:

  • чита́емая кни́га (a book being read)

Note: Often replaced by other constructions in modern Russian.

Past passive participle

Very common. Describes something that has been done to the noun.

  • прочита́тьпрочи́танный (read)
  • сде́латьсде́ланный (done)
  • написа́тьнапи́санный (written)

Examples:

  • прочи́танная кни́га (a book that has been read)
  • напи́санное письмо́ (a written letter)

Formation of participles

Each of the four participles is built from a form of the verb you already know: the present tense, the past tense, or the infinitive. The overview:

ParticipleBuilt fromSuffixExample
Present activeони-form (imperfective)-щийчита́ютчита́ющий
Past activemasculine past tense-вшийчита́лчита́вший
Present passiveмы-form (imperfective)-ыйчита́емчита́емый
Past passiveinfinitive (perfective)-нный / -енный / -тыйпрочита́тьпрочи́танный

Present active: они-form + -щий

Take the they-form of an imperfective verb, drop the final -т and add -щий.

  • чита́тьчита́ютчита́ющий (reading)
  • говори́тьговоря́тговоря́щий (speaking)
  • писа́тьпи́шутпи́шущий (writing)
  • житьживу́тживу́щий (living)

Because you start from the actual они-form, any stem change in the present tense is automatically carried over (писа́тьпи́шутпи́шущий).

Past active: past tense + -вший

Take the masculine past tense, drop -л and add -вший. This works for both aspects.

  • чита́тьчита́лчита́вший (who was reading)
  • сде́латьсде́лалсде́лавший (who did)
  • купи́тькупи́лкупи́вший (who bought)

If the masculine past has no -л, simply add -ший to that form:

  • нести́нёснёсший (who was carrying)
  • принести́принёспринёсший (who brought)
  • идти́шёлше́дший (who was walking, irregular)

Present passive: мы-form + -ый

Take the we-form of an imperfective transitive verb and add -ый.

  • чита́тьчита́емчита́емый (being read)
  • люби́тьлю́бимлюби́мый (loved, favourite)
  • ви́детьви́димви́димый (visible)

As лю́бимлюби́мый shows, the stress can move when the suffix is added, so it is worth learning the participle together with its stress.

So first-conjugation verbs end in -емый and second-conjugation verbs in -имый. Many verbs simply have no present passive participle, and the form is bookish — this is the rarest of the four.

Past passive: infinitive + -нный / -енный / -тый

Formed from perfective transitive verbs. Which of the three suffixes you use depends on the infinitive:

  • -нный — verbs in -ать / -ять: drop -ть, add -нный
    • прочита́тьпрочи́танный (read)
    • написа́тьнапи́санный (written)
    • потеря́тьпоте́рянный (lost)
  • -енный / -ённый — verbs in -ить and most consonant stems
    • постро́итьпостро́енный (built)
    • реши́тьрешённый (solved)
    • принести́принесённый (brought)
  • -тый — a smaller group, e.g. verbs in -ыть, -ить (monosyllabic), -нуть, -ереть
    • откры́тьоткры́тый (opened)
    • забы́тьзабы́тый (forgotten)
    • заня́тьза́нятый (occupied, busy)

Note that the suffix -ённый always carries the stress (решённый, принесённый), while -енный does not.

With -ить verbs, the same consonant mutation appears as in the я-form of the present/future tense:

  • купи́тькуплю́ку́пленный (bought)
  • встре́титьвстре́чувстре́ченный (met)
  • пригласи́тьприглашу́приглашённый (invited)

Short forms of past passive participles

The short form drops the long adjective ending, and the double -нн- becomes a single -н-:

  • прочи́танныйпрочи́тан, прочи́тана, прочи́тано, прочи́таны
  • решённыйрешён, решена́, решено́, решены́
  • откры́тыйоткры́т, откры́та, откры́то, откры́ты

With -ённый participles the stress moves onto the ending in the short forms: решён, решена́, решено́, решены́.

Reflexive verbs

Verbs in -ся keep -ся in the participle — always -ся, never -сь, even after a vowel:

  • учи́тьсяу́чатсяуча́щийся (studying, a student)
  • верну́тьсяверну́лсяверну́вшийся (who returned)

Reflexive verbs have no passive participles.

Which verbs form which participle

  • Imperfective verbs → present active, past active, (present passive)
  • Perfective verbs → past active, past passive
  • Only transitive verbs (verbs that take a direct object) form passive participles

So чита́ть gives чита́ющий, чита́вший, чита́емый, while прочита́ть gives прочита́вший, прочи́танный. There is no such thing as a “future participle” in Russian.

Agreement (important)

Participles behave like adjectives, so they agree with the noun in:

  • Gender
  • Number
  • Case

Examples:

  • прочи́танный текст (masculine)
  • прочи́танная кни́га (feminine)
  • прочи́танное письмо́ (neuter)
  • прочи́танные кни́ги (plural)

Short forms (important)

Many past passive participles have a short form, which is used in predicate position (like “is done”).

  • Кни́га прочи́тана. (The book is read.)
  • Письмо́ напи́сано. (The letter is written.)

These short forms are very common in Russian.

Participles vs relative clauses

Participles often replace relative clauses (“who/which ...”):

  • студе́нт, кото́рый чита́ет кни́гу
  • чита́ющий студе́нт

Both mean:

  • (the student who is reading a book)

However:

  • Participles are more compact
  • Relative clauses are more common in everyday speech

Stylistic note

  • Participles are common in written language and formal speech
  • In everyday spoken Russian, people often prefer:
    • relative clauses (кото́рый)
    • simpler constructions

Summary

  • Participles are verb forms that act like adjectives.
  • Active → the subject does the action (чита́ющий).
  • Passive → the subject receives the action (прочи́танный).
  • Formation: они-form + -щий, past tense + -вший, мы-form + -ый, infinitive + -нный / -енный / -тый.
  • They agree like adjectives (gender, number, case).
  • Past passive participles are the most common and important.
  • Short forms are used in sentences like Кни́га прочи́тана.

This grammar

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Exercises

We have 75 exercises for this topic.

Exercise 1 of 75

Which participle agrees with "окно"?