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GrammarImperative

Imperative

The imperative is used to give commands, instructions, requests, or advice.

In Russian, the imperative mainly exists in two forms:

  • Singular informalты
  • Plural / politeвы

Basic usage

  • Скажи́! (Say it! - to one person)
  • Скажи́те! (Say it! - to several people or to one person formally)

The plural form (-те) is also used for formal speech when addressing one person.

How to form the imperative

The imperative is usually formed from the verb stem, often with:

  • -й
  • -и
  • or no ending (rare cases)

Then add -те for plural or polite forms.

Verbs with -й

  • чита́тьчита́йчита́йте (read!)
  • гуля́тьгуля́йгуля́йте (walk!)

Verbs with -и

  • говоритьговори́говори́те (speak!)
  • писатьпиши́пиши́те (write!)

Irregular forms

Some very common imperatives are short or irregular:

  • сказатьскажи́ / скажи́те (say!)
  • бытьбудьбу́дьте (be!)
  • идтииди́иди́те (go!)
  • датьдайда́йте (give!)
  • естье́шь / е́шьте (eat!)
  • питьпей / пе́йте (drink!)

Reflexive verbs

Reflexive verbs keep -ся / -сь:

  • учи́тьсяучи́сьучи́тесь (study!)
  • сади́тьсясади́сьсади́тесь (sit down!)

Negative imperative

To say “don’t do something”, use не + imperative:

  • Не говори́! (Don’t speak!)
  • Не чита́йте! (Don’t read!)

For stronger or more general prohibitions, Russian often uses не + infinitive:

  • Не кури́ть! (No smoking!)
  • Не входи́ть! (Do not enter!)

Aspect in the imperative

Aspect is very important in Russian imperatives:

  • Imperfective → process, general instruction, repeated action
  • Perfective → result, one-time action, completion

Examples:

  • Пиши́! (Write! – focus on the process)

  • Напиши́! (Write it! – focus on completing it)

  • Чита́й! (Read! – in general)

  • Прочита́й! (Read it through / finish reading)

Polite requests

Imperatives are often softened with polite words:

  • Пожа́луйста, скажи́те... (Please tell me...)
  • Ска́жите, пожа́луйста...

Let’s / suggestions (давай / давайте)

To make suggestions (“let’s do something”), Russian often uses дава́й (informal) or дава́йте (plural / polite):

  • Дава́й пойдём! (Let’s go!)
  • Дава́йте начнём. (Let’s start.)

Alternatively, without imperative, you can use the "we" form:

  • (Let's go to the cinema.)
  • (Let's start.)

Summary

  • The imperative is used for commands, requests and instructions.
  • There are two main forms: singular (ты) and plural/polite (вы).
  • The plural/polite form is made by adding -те.
  • Negation uses не.
  • Aspect is important: imperfective = process, perfective = result.
  • Reflexive verbs keep -ся / -сь.

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