GrammarPractical Applications
Practical Applications
Dates
Dates use an ordinal number + month in genitive.
- - Today is the 5th of January.
- - I think about the 5th of January.
Years
Years are said as a masculine ordinal + год.
- - It’s the year 2026.
Age
Age is expressed with dative + лет, not “to be”.
- - I am 20 years old. (literally: “To me there are 20 years.”)
Money
Amounts use ruble + kopek with numeral grammar.
- - It costs 100 rubles 50 kopeks.
Phone Numbers
Numbers are read in 2–3 digit chunks, using ноль for 0.
- - My number: 8 911 234-56-78.
Counting people: Челове́к vs. Лю́ди
Use челове́к after anything that behaves like a numeral:
- exact numbers: оди́н, два, три, сто, ты́сяча → челове́к
- semi-numerals: не́сколько, ско́лько, сто́лько, ско́лько-нибудь, ско́лько-то, сто́лько-то, па́ра → челове́к
Use люде́й after non-count words:
- vague quantity: мно́го, ма́ло, ку́ча, ма́сса → люде́й
- generic reference: э́ти лю́ди, мно́гие лю́ди
But: If there is a numeral (or numeral-like word), it controls the whole phrase. Then:
- Nominative / Accusative / Genitive → челове́к (пять челове́к, о́коло пяти́ челове́к)
- Other cases → forms of лю́ди (лю́дям, людьми́, лю́дях)
Examples with numerals:
-
Nominative: - Five people came.
-
Instrumental: - I'm talking to five people.
-
Accusative: - I saw five people.
-
Prepositional: - I'm thinking about five people.
Examples without a numeral (лю́ди behaves like a normal animate noun):
- - These people work here.
- - I see people.
- - I'm talking to people.
Public Transport & "The Route"
When talking about авто́бусы, трамва́и or маршру́тки (buses, trams or minibuses), Russians often turn the number into a noun or use the word но́мер (number).
The number itself is often turned into a noun: пятёрка (bus/tram #5), деся́тка (#10), or an adjective form like оди́ннадцатый (#11).
- - Which bus number goes to the center?
- - Take the #5.
- - The ten is coming.
- - In three stops.
- - Get off after one stop.
The School Grading System
Understanding Russian education requires knowing the numbers 1 through 5.
- 5 Отли́чно: Excellent.
- 4 Хорошо́: Good.
- 3 Удовлетвори́тельно: Satisfactory.
- 2 Неудовлетвори́тельно: Fail.
- 1: Rarely used, but signifies total failure.
In conversation, people say ("I got a five") or (I got a three), using the noun form of the number.
Floor Numbering & Addresses
Unlike the UK, Germany or some other parts of Europe, Russia does not have a "Ground Floor" (0). The floor you walk in from the street is (the first floor).
Addresses are written in the order of дом → ко́рпус/строе́ние → кварти́ра (house → building → apartment). For example: дом 12, ко́рпус 2, кв. 45 (house 12, building 2, apartment 45), which might be abbreviated to д12к2-45.
Clothing and Shoe Sizes
Clothing: Often based on half-chest circumference in centimeters (e.g., a Russian size 50).
Shoes: They basically use the European metric-based system, e.g. a size 38.
Asking for size: What size is this?
Temperature: The "Plus/Minus" Culture
Because of the climate, Russians almost always specify if a temperature is above or below zero.
Negative: (-10°C) or (10 degrees of frost).
Positive: (+20°C) or (20 degrees of warmth).
Cooking and Recipes
Most recipes use weight (гра́ммы) rather than volume.
If a recipe does use volume, it refers to a стака́н (a standard 200-250ml glass). You'll see "half a glass" (полстака́на) frequently.
Common Units
Common unit abbreviations and how numbers are written with them in Russian:
| Category | Unit | Written out | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| length | мм (mm) | миллиме́тр | 43 мм |
| см (cm) | сантиме́тр | 21 см | |
| м (m) | метр | 141 м | |
| км (km) | киломе́тр | 9 км | |
| speed | км/ч (km/h) | киломе́тр в час | 43 км/ч |
| м/с (m/s) | метр в секу́нду | 9 м/с | |
| Мбит/с (Mbps) | мегаби́т в секу́нду | 141 Мбит/с | |
| area | мм² (mm²) | квадра́тный миллиме́тр | 100 мм² |
| см² (cm²) | квадра́тный сантиме́тр | 50 см² | |
| м² (m²) | квадра́тный метр | 25 м² | |
| км² (km²) | квадра́тный киломе́тр | 9 км² | |
| га (hectares) | гекта́р | 21 га | |
| volume | мм³ (mm³) | куби́ческий миллиме́тр | 1000 мм³ |
| см³ (cm³) | куби́ческий сантиме́тр | 500 см³ | |
| м³ (m³) | куби́ческий метр | 2 м³ | |
| мл (ml) | миллили́тр | 141 мл | |
| л (L) | литр | 21 л | |
| mass | мг (mg) | миллигра́мм | 500 мг |
| г (g) | грамм | 43 г | |
| кг (kg) | килогра́мм | 21 кг | |
| т (tonnes) | то́нна | 5 т | |
| temperature | °C | гра́дус Це́льсия | 43 °C |
| time | с, сек (s) | секу́нда | 30 с |
| мин (min) | мину́та | 15 мин | |
| ч (h) | час | 2 ч | |
| сут (days) | су́тки | 7 сут | |
| нед. (weeks) | неде́ля | 3 нед. | |
| г., лет (years) | год | 5 лет | |
| digital storage | Б (bytes) | байт | 43 Б |
| кБ (kB) | килоба́йт | 141 кБ | |
| МБ (MB) | мегаба́йт | 9 МБ | |
| ГБ (GB) | гигаба́йт | 21 ГБ | |
| ТБ (TB) | тераба́йт | 48 ТБ | |
| angle | ° | гра́дус | 43° |
| power | Вт (W) | ватт | 100 Вт |
| кВт (kW) | килова́тт | 2 кВт | |
| л. с. (hp) | лошади́ная си́ла | 150 л. с. | |
| pressure | Па, кПа (Pa, kPa) | паска́ль, килопаска́ль | 101 кПа |
| мм рт. ст. (mmHg) | миллиме́тр рту́тного столба́ | 760 мм рт. ст. |
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