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над

very common #121B1
Also written:на́до (before certain consonant clusters (надо мной); not the predicative надо ‘one must’)
preposition
  • 1.

    above, over

    Ла́мпа виси́т над столо́м.

    The lamp hangs above the table.

    над + instrumental case

  • 2.

    on, at

    Мы рабо́таем над новым прое́ктом.

    We are working on a new project.

    with verbs like работать, думать, смеяться

  • 3.

    at

    Она́ смеётся над собо́й.

    She is laughing at herself.

    смеяться над кем-либо = to laugh at someone

Usage info

  • instrumental case express that the action is being focused on a project, or task
    Before words beginning with certain consonant clusters such as мн- (mn-), вс- (vs-), and сн- (sn-), the variant form надо (nado) is used.

Examples

Typical usagePRO

  • Spatial: above/over

    • висе́ть над чем‑то

      to hang over/above something

    • мост над реко́й

      a bridge over the river

    • подня́ться над землёй

      to rise above the ground

    • со́лнце над горизо́нтом

      the sun above the horizon

  • Work/Study/Thinking

    • рабо́тать над чем‑то

      to work on something

    • ду́мать над чем‑то

      to think over; to ponder

    • размышля́ть над чем‑то

      to reflect on something

    • заду́мываться над чем‑то

      to contemplate; to think carefully about

  • Mockery and teasing

    • смея́ться над кем‑то/чем‑то

      to laugh at; make fun of

    • шути́ть над кем‑то

      to joke at someone’s expense

    • подшу́чивать над кем‑то

      to tease; to rib someone

    • издева́ться над кем‑то

      to bully; to mock cruelly

LockedUnlock typical usages

Word familyнадPRO

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Contributions

  • Iron edited translation 1 week ago.
  • nrimanliyev edited translation 1 month ago.
  • drvuquangson edited usage info 9 months ago.
  • pyz9188 edited usage info 2 years ago.